Investigation of the physicochemical behaviour of Acidum citricum homoeopathic dilutions at temperatures from 293.15 K to 318.15 K by using volumetric, acoustic and viscometric methods

Authors

Anil Kumar Nain, Department of Chemistry, Dyal Singh College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, IndiaFollow
Neha Chaudhary, Department of Chemistry, Ramjas College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
Raj Kumar Manchanda, Nehru Homoeopathic Medical College & Hospital, University of Delhi, New Delhi, IndiaFollow
Debadatta Nayak, Central Council for Research in Homeopathy, New Delhi, IndiaFollow

Author ORCID Identifier(s)

Anil Kumar Nain: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9660-4113

Neha Chaudhary: https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7425-6902

Raj Kumar Manchanda: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5589-9170

Debadatta Nayak: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4772-8333

Corresponding Author

Anil Kumar Nain

Keywords

Acidum citricum, Density, Homoeopathic medicines, Hydrogen bonding, Ultrasonic speed, Viscosity

Article Type

Original Article

Abstract

Background: The physicochemical properties of homoeopathic medicines have been gaining importance in elucidating the physicochemical behaviour (interactions) and, hence in establishing the presence of medicine at ultra-high dilutions. Objective: The present study is aimed to reconnoiter the existence of drug in ultra-diluted medicines and evidence regarding the physicochemical behaviour and prevailing interactions in the dilutions of Acidum citricum. Materials and Methods: The densities (ρ), ultrasonic speeds (u) and viscosities (η) of pure ethanol control (91% ethanol in water) and 33 dilutions of Acidum citricum of potencies across 1C to 200C at temperatures from 293.15 K to 318.15 K and at atmospheric pressure. Results: The measured data are used to compute the physicochemical parameters, viz., isentropic compressibility (κ_s), intermolecular free lengths (L_f), acoustic impedance (Z) relative association (R_A), relaxation time (τ), ultrasonic absorption (α/f²) pseudo-Grüneisen parameter (Γ), deviations in isentropic compressibility, (Δκ_s), deviations in intermolecular free length, (ΔL_f), deviations in acoustic impedance (ΔZ), deviations in viscosity (Δη) and deviations in pseudo-Grüneisen parameter (ΔΓ). These parameters specified diverse trends at certain potencies of these homoeopathic dilutions. Conclusion: The results are qualitatively interpreted by means of prevailing interactions of these Acidum citricum dilutions. It is observed that the interactions may take place among H⁺ and citrate ions and the molecular aggregates of water-ethanol, i.e., dissipative structures. The results specified that even in high-dilutions (50C, 110C, 150C and 160C) the molecules of medicine may still exist in these homoeopathic formulations.

Digital Object Identifier

10.53945/2320-7094.2233

Publisher

Central Council for Research in Homoeopathy

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-Share Alike 4.0 International License.

How to cite this article

Nain AK, Chaudhary N, Manchanda RK, et al. Investigation of the physicochemical behaviour of Acidum citricum homoeopathic dilutions at temperatures from 293.15 K to 318.15 K by using volumetric, acoustic and viscometric methods. Indian J Res Homoeopathy. 2025;19(3):250–79.